引用 句子 英文

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引用文獻,我該引用多少文獻內容?

論文的焦點應該是作者對主題的理解。如果論文包含過多引用,可能會掩蓋作者想法。若符合下列任一條件,可考慮從文獻中引用一段落:

  1. 引用段落的文字特別優美、有力或令人難忘。
  2. 希望透過引用主題相關權威的方式來證實自身論點的可信度。
  3. 引用的段落值得深入分析。
  4. 希望與另一人的立場進行詳細思辨。

其中第三點在文學類論文中特別有用。

為什麼標示文獻出處很重要?

引文必有出處,讀者會想知道文獻來源。請不要在完全沒有標註出處的情況下,直接將引文空降到論文中。讓讀者知道您所引據的權威是誰,這有一個優點:表示您已深入研究,且十分熟悉主題相關的文獻

在引用時可以使用哪些動詞和片語?

請熟悉引用文句時常常使用的動詞。

以下列舉部分常用動詞:

argues writes points out concludes comments notes
maintains suggests insists observes counters asserts
states claims demonstrates says explains reveals

以上動詞各有細微差異。使用時需確定其意義符合特定引用目的。

引文開頭還有其他寫法。以下是三種常見寫法:

In the words of X, . . .
According to X, . . .
In X’s view, . . .

引文開頭的寫法要有變化,才能避免文句過於單調。但須注意,不應為了變化而犧牲文句清晰度。

如何置入長引文?

若引文很長,應在引文前使用完整句子介紹引文與論點的關係。如果引文超過四行,這時不宜使用引號,而應將引文分開,設為獨立引文(block quotation)。

獨立引文之前的完整句子可展現作者對引用資料的掌握,也能為論文增加分析深度。但是,只有前面的介紹是不夠的;長引文之後一般都需要較多的分析。千萬不要讓引文幫您做分析的工作。

另外,建議把引文和分析放在同一段落,不過要避免以引文作為一個段落的結束。但是,若分析很長,這時可將內容拆成數個段落,在引文後重啟段落。

偶爾可將「先引文、後分析」的模式倒過來。有時候,措辭得當或具有權威性的引文可為論點做有力的總結。

獨立引文須是四行或四行以上的規定,仍有彈性空間。若引文有重大意義,即使行數較少,也可設為獨立引文。舉例來說,引用兩行或兩行以上的詩句時,也許會想要如實呈現詩句原貌。

我曾修改過的引用內容,要如何註明以便讀者清楚了解呢?

如需修改引文,必須說明修改的方式。若省略部分引用原文,需在省略之處標示省略記號(ellipsis),即三個點前後各加一個空格。

In To Kill a Mockingbird Lee comments that “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view … Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it” (5).

若省略的文字剛好在兩句之間,則需在前一句句點後鍵入一個空格,然後加上省略符號。因此,句子之間共會有四個點。

許多人在引文的開頭或結尾濫用省略符號。唯有在句子不完整時,擔心會誤導讀者時,才需要在引文的開頭或結尾使用省略符號。請參考下列例句。

Abraham Lincoln begins “The Gettysburg Address” with a reminder of the act upon which the United States was founded: “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation . . .” (1).

標點符號如何影響引文?

引文原文的標點符號必須保留,引用者自行加入的標點符號則需以方括弧框起。

但是,這個規則有一個重要的例外。引文結束時,在引號前的標點符號,可自由調整。作者可依需求調整標點,以確保句子文法正確。不必擔心原引文在引號前需使用什麼標點符號;只需要考慮撰寫中的句子需要什麼標點。需注意的是,若使用MLA格式引用文獻,句子的結尾一定是在括弧(parenthetical citation)之後。

此外,在引文結束的地方,即使原文有標點,也不要在引號前放入標點。錯誤示範如下:

According to Schama, Louis XVI remained calm during his trial: “The Terror had no power to frighten an old man of seventy-two.” (822).

引文結尾、引號前的句點必須刪除:

According to Schama, Louis XVI remained calm during his trial: “The Terror had no power to frighten an old man of seventy-two” (822).

但是,使用註腳時,句點應放在引號前,註腳號碼則放在引號外:

According to Schama, Louis XVI remained calm during his trial: “The Terror had no power to frighten an old man of seventy-two.”

在美國,逗點和句點永遠都在引號內。無論出自原引文作者或論文作者,這兩個標點都被視為引文的一部分:

“I am a man / more sinned against than sinning, “Lear pronounces in Act 3, Scene 2 (59-60).

但是,問號或驚嘆號這類較強烈的標點符號是例外。這些標點是原引文標點時,放在引號內;若是來自於作者的內文文句,則放在引號外:

Bewildered, Lear asks the fool, “Who is it that can tell me who I am?” (1.4.227).

Why is Lear so rash as to let his “two daughters’ dowers digest the third” (1.1.127)?

最後,引文中的引用都要使用單引號:

When Elizabeth reveals that her younger sister has eloped, Darcy drops his customary reserve: “‘I am grieved, indeed,’ cried Darcy, ‘grieved—shocked'” (Austen 295).

額外相關閱讀推薦:

  1. 找不到與我的研究相關參考文獻怎麼辦?
  2. 如何在學術寫作中,正確的使用冒號
  3. 令人混淆的「連字號」與「破折號」
  4. 如何正確使用連字號(hyphen)以避免語意的誤解?

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学术论文中引用证据和实例时好用的41种英语句型

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构建我们研究叙述的一个重要组成部分是提供证据和实例。事实上,作者在论文中所提供的说明一方面能帮助强化文章的结论,但有时不恰当的表达也可能让读者对论文结论心生怀疑,因此使用适当且符合逻辑的句子引导读者理解内容是撰写论文时十分必要的能力。

介绍证据和实例的时机

证据和实例为我们的说明打下一个稳定的基础。没有实例辅助的话,论文的结论缺乏可信度。然而不论是流水帐般的实例验证,还是无法提供任何材料或信息的来源,二者是一样糟糕的。因此,当你介绍实例时,需要确保适时睿智的挑选证据,并使用适当和清楚的句子来说明这个实例来论证你的结论。 当你在写作论文有以下几种需要时,你应该要介绍你的实例论证:

  • 说明“非普遍知识”的内容时 ;
  • 根据某个数据来引导结论、推论或说明涵义时;
  • 需要澄清一个先前的叙述,使用范例说明能够更加清楚的时候;
  • 需要找出某个类别的代表性范例;
  • 想要区分概念时;
  • 想要利用某个情况来强调某个特点时。

建议使用的介绍性句型

以下是根据功能的不同,我们列出了几个句型,虽然这个列表并不详尽,但至少能提供几个可以使用的短语类型。

目的 介绍性句型 范文
stating information that is not “common knowledge”
  • [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]
  • As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered
  • According to [Author],
  • As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .
  • According to Marks and Peters . . .
drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data
  • suggests
  • as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by
  • based on
  • can be seen/ observed when
  • as seen in
  • which is made apparent when
  • is demonstrated by/ through/ when
  • hinges on
  • The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .
  • As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .
  • Based on self-reported survey results . . .
  • This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . .
  • As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . .
  • The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .
  • The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .
  • This conclusion hinges on . . .
clarifying a prior statement
  • for example
  • for instance
  • by way of illustration
  • as an example
  • to clarify
  • to explain further
  • namely
  • to be specific
  • that is,
  • in other words,
  • This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .
  • It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .
  • By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculants feel prepared for . . .
  • As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .
  • To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .
  • To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . .
  • Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.
  • To be specific, bull markets can . . .
  • That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .
  • In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .
identifying representative examples of a category
  • for example/ instance
  • such as*
  • e.g.
  • one/ another example
  • like*
  • excluding
  • including
  • an example being

*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed.

  • Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance.
  • The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.
  • The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).
  • One/ another example of this exception is . . .
  • I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.
  • All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.
  • All stars, including our sun, . . .
  • Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .
distinguishing concepts
  • in a similar case
  • unlike the case of
  • in the same way
  • as a case in point
  • in a typical situation
  • in a normal scenario
  • In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . .
  • Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias.
  • Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.
  • As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . .
  • In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .
  • In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .
emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation
  • for example
  • indeed
  • in fact
  • notably
  • markedly
  • as a case in point
  • Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .
  • Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .
  • Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .
  • High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .
  • Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . .
  • As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . . .

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