糖尿病是以体内血糖浓度高低为诊断基础来确定是否患上的。但是糖尿病要确诊还是要做一系列的检查,很多人都说看不懂化验单,下面简单给大家介绍一下。 Show 糖尿病各项化验单报告分析 1血糖(GLU) 其次,要看测血糖的时间。空腹血糖即禁食8-10小时后测的血糖值;餐后血糖,应该是从吃第一口饭开始计时,2小时后测的血糖值。由于餐后2小时的血糖受到进餐的影响,所以血浆血糖值≥11.1mmol/L才可以诊断糖尿病。全血的餐后血糖值和血浆血糖值基本相同,但是一般不用全血血糖值做为诊断。 2糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c) 3尿糖:检验地带网 4尿常规检查 5C肽测定 6胰岛素释放试验 7血中胰岛素抗体的测定 小编提醒:糖尿病化验单病人了解一下即可,不需要完全搞懂,必须要懂的是平时的治疗方法以及测血糖的操作等这些比较重要的知识。 如何正确的测出血糖结果 血糖仪需校准和清洁 长期不校准血糖仪,也会使结果出现误差。第一次使用血糖仪和换用新的一瓶试纸条时,都需要进行校准。在血糖仪受到大的撞击或跌落在地时,最好也检查一下其准确性。 采血方法需正确 每次采血时,都要更换一次性针头,并做好消毒工作。若在皮肤还残留酒精时就取血,会导致检测值偏低,因此需待酒精挥发后再取血。测量时不要过分挤压手指,轻轻推压两侧血管至指前端三分之一处,让血慢慢溢出即可。 血糖还需定期测定,对于血糖控制得比较好的患者,可将监测的间隔拉长一些,每周测定1次空腹及餐后2小时血糖,每隔2~3周安排1天测定全天7个点的血糖。若发现血糖波动较大,还需及时就医。 试纸条需避光避湿保存 购买和使用试纸前应检查其是否过期。有的试纸条采用铝箔包装,能有效防潮,保质期可达一年,但瓶装的试纸条打开后必须在3~4个月内使用完。过期的试纸条测定结果必然会有偏差。 诊断Type 1 diabetes FAQsEndocrinologist Yogish Kudva, M.B.B.S., answers the most frequently asked questions about type 1 diabetes.
Hi, I'm Dr. Yogish C Kudva. I'm an endocrinologist at Mayo Clinic and I'm here to answer some of the important questions you may have about type one diabetes. The best current treatment for type one diabetes is an automated insulin delivery system. This system includes a continuous glucose monitor, insulin pump, and a computer algorithm that continually adjusts insulin responding to the continuous glucose monitoring signal. The patient still has to enter information about the amount of carbohydrate he or she eats at mealtimes to provide the meal time related insulin. Testing using a glucose meter is not enough because glucose measurements in people with type one diabetes, vary from normal to low and normal to high very rapidly in the course of a day, a continuous glucose monitor is needed to assess whether treatment is effective and also to determine how to improve treatment. Current guidelines recommend use of a continuous glucose monitor. The percentage of time that is spent daily with glucose between 70 and 180 milligram per deciliter is the main measurement of appropriate treatment. This percentage should be 70% or higher daily. In addition, percentage of time spent with glucose below 70 should be less than four percent and greater than 250 should be less than five percent. Clearly, hemoglobin A1C testing to evaluate adequacy of treatment is not enough. In certain people with type one diabetes transplantation can be undertaken. This could be pancreas transplantation or transplantation of insulin making cells called islet. Islet transplantation is considered research in the US. Pancreas transplantation is available as a clinical treatment. These patients with hypoglycemia unawareness may benefit from a pancreas transplant. People with type one diabetes who develop recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis may also benefit from a pancreas transplant. People with type one diabetes who have developed kidney failure, could have their lives transformed by transplantation of both the pancreas and the kidney. There is active research going on to prevent type one diabetes from happening in children and adults who are less than 45 years old. People who are eligible for such research studies are people who have a positive antibody test for type one diabetes and are willing to be in such studies. The treatment being tested is medication that suppresses the immune system. Willing participants would be randomized to receive immune suppressive treatment or placebo treatment. Placebo looks like the medication, but does not do the same thing in the body. Initial research studies have been successful in decreasing the risk of development of type one diabetes in people that have received the immune system suppressing treatment and therefore, larger studies are now being undertaken. Try to be informed about research going on and treatments that may be approved for type one diabetes. You can get this information through already available publications. Make sure that at least annually you see a physician who is an expert on your disorder. Never hesitate to ask your medical team any questions or concerns you have. Being informed makes all the difference. Thanks for your time and we wish well. 1 型糖尿病的症状经常突然出现,这往往也是为什么监测血糖水平的原因。由于其他类型的糖尿病和糖尿病前期症状出现得更为缓慢或者不明显,美国糖尿病协会(ADA)已推荐筛查指南。ADA 建议下列人群接受糖尿病筛查:
1 型、2 型糖尿病和糖尿病前期的检测
如果 A1C 检测结果不一致、检测无法进行或者您有可能使 A1C 检测结果不准确的某些医疗状况(例如处于孕期或有血红蛋白变异体这类不常见的血红蛋白类型),医生可能通过以下检查来诊断糖尿病:
如疑似患有 1 型糖尿病,医生将进行尿检,检查其中是否有身体因没有足够胰岛素来利用可用的葡萄糖而分解肌肉和脂肪组织供能所产生的副产物(酮体)。医生还有可能检测您体内是否存在与 1 型糖尿病有关的破坏性免疫系统细胞,亦即自身抗体。 更多信息
治疗根据所患糖尿病的类型,医生可能会采用血糖监测、胰岛素和口服药物等治疗方法。饮食健康、保持健康的体重和定期运动也是管理糖尿病的重要因素。 各种类型糖尿病的治疗在糖尿病管理和整体健康管理中,通过健康饮食和运动计划来保持健康体重十分重要:
1 型和 2 型糖尿病的治疗1 型糖尿病的治疗包括注射胰岛素或使用胰岛素泵、按时检测血糖和计算碳水化合物摄入量。2 型糖尿病的治疗主要包括改变生活方式、监测血糖以及口服降糖药物和(或)使用胰岛素。
A continuous glucose monitor, on the left, is a device that measures blood sugar every few minutes using a sensor inserted under the skin. An insulin pump, attached to the pocket, is a device that's worn outside of the body with a tube that connects the reservoir of insulin to a catheter inserted under the skin of the abdomen. Insulin pumps are programmed to deliver specific amounts of insulin continuously and with food. A tubeless pump that works wirelessly is also now available. You program an insulin pump to dispense specific amounts of insulin. It can be adjusted to give out more or less insulin depending on meals, activity level and blood sugar level. The Food and Drug Administration has approved four artificial pancreases for type 1 diabetes. An artificial pancreas is also called closed-loop insulin delivery. The implanted device links a continuous glucose monitor, which checks blood sugar levels every five minutes, to an insulin pump. The device automatically delivers the correct amount of insulin when the monitor indicates it's needed. There are more artificial pancreas (closed loop) systems currently in clinical trials. Oral or other drugsSometimes your provider may prescribe other oral or injected drugs as well. Some diabetes drugs help your pancreas to release more insulin. Others prevent the production and release of glucose from your liver, which means you need less insulin to move sugar into your cells. Still others block the action of stomach or intestinal enzymes that break down carbohydrates, slowing their absorption, or make your tissues more sensitive to insulin. Metformin (Glumetza, Fortamet, others) is generally the first drug prescribed for type 2 diabetes. Another class of medication called SGLT2 inhibitors may be used. They work by preventing the kidneys from reabsorbing filtered sugar into the blood. Instead, the sugar is eliminated in the urine. TransplantationIn some people who have type 1 diabetes, a pancreas transplant may be an option. Islet transplants are being studied as well. With a successful pancreas transplant, you would no longer need insulin therapy. But transplants aren't always successful. And these procedures pose serious risks. You need a lifetime of immune-suppressing drugs to prevent organ rejection. These drugs can have serious side effects. Because of this, transplants are usually reserved for people whose diabetes can't be controlled or those who also need a kidney transplant. Bariatric surgerySome people with type 2 diabetes who are obese and have a body mass index higher than 35 may be helped by having bariatric surgery. People who've had gastric bypass have seen major improvements in their blood sugar levels. But this procedure's long-term risks and benefits for type 2 diabetes aren't yet known. 妊娠期糖尿病的治疗控制血糖水平对维持胎儿健康和避免分娩并发症来说非常重要。除健康饮食和运动之外,治疗计划还应包括监测血糖,在一些情况下,可能还需要注射胰岛素或口服降糖药物。 医生也会在分娩过程中监测血糖水平。如果您的血糖水平升高,胎儿体内会释放大量的胰岛素,这会导致孩子在刚出生后出现低血糖。 糖尿病前期的治疗对于糖尿病前期患者,选择健康的生活方式有助于血糖水平恢复正常或防止病情进展成 2 型糖尿病。通过运动和健康饮食来保持健康体重也可能有帮助。每周至少运动 150 分钟以及减重 7%,可以预防或延缓 2 型糖尿病。 如果您患糖尿病的风险较高,包括糖尿病前期正在加重,或您患有心血管疾病、脂肪肝病或多囊卵巢综合征,有时也可选择药物治疗,例如二甲双胍(Glucophage、Glumetza 等)。 在另一些情况下,需要服用控制胆固醇的药物(特别是他汀类药物)和高血压药物。如果您患心血管疾病的风险较高,医生会开低剂量的阿司匹林来帮助预防这类疾病。但是,选择健康的生活方式仍至关重要。 各型糖尿病的迹象表现由于可以影响血糖水平的原因较多,有时会出现需要紧急处理的状况。比如:
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临床试验探索 Mayo Clinic 的研究 测试新的治疗、干预与检查方法,旨在预防、检测、治疗或控制这种疾病。 生活方式与家庭疗法糖尿病是一种严重的疾病。遵循您的糖尿病治疗计划需要时刻按要求去做。认真管理糖尿病可以降低您发生严重乃至致命并发症的风险。
1 型和 2 型糖尿病患者的生活方式此外,如果患有 1 型或 2 型糖尿病:
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替代医学部分研究现已证明,很多物质都可以改善胰岛素敏感性,而有些研究则未能发现这些物质对控制血糖或降低 A1C 水平有任何益处。由于这些研究结果相互矛盾,目前没有任何替代疗法被推荐用于帮助患者控制血糖。 如果您决定尝试任何类型的替代疗法,请勿停止服用医生开的药物。使用任何这种疗法时请务必向医生咨询,以确保它们不会引起不良反应或与您当前的疗法产生相互作用。 此外,目前没有可以治愈糖尿病的替代或传统疗法,所以除非医生有指示,否则正在接受胰岛素疗法的糖尿病患者千万不要停止使用胰岛素。 妥善处理与支持患上糖尿病会给生活带来困难,并且令人沮丧。有时,即便您严格遵循治疗计划,血糖还是会升高。但是请坚持您的糖尿病管理计划,当您就诊时,很可能会看到您的 A1C 有了积极的变化。 因为良好的糖尿病管理可能很费时,有时甚至会让人难以承受,所以有些人觉得与人交谈会有帮助。您的医生可能推荐一位心理健康专家与您交谈,或者您可能应该尝试参加互助组。 与能够理解您经历的人分享您的挫折和成功可能很有帮助。您可能会发现,其他人分享的提示对糖尿病管理非常有用。 您的医生可能知道当地的互助组,或者您也可以致电美国糖尿病协会 800-DIABETES(800-342-2383)或青少年糖尿病研究基金会 800-533-CURE(800-533-2873)。 准备您的预约如果出现糖尿病的症状,您可能先去看全科医生。如果孩子出现糖尿病的症状,请先带孩子去看儿科医生。如果血糖水平非常高,需要先去看急诊。 如果您或您孩子的血糖水平还没有高到立即引起危险的程度,可能会被转诊给糖尿病专科医生。诊断后不久,您还会与糖尿病教育人员和营养师见面,以了解更多有关糖尿病管理的信息。 以下信息可以帮助您做好就诊准备,并了解医生可能会做些什么。 您可以做什么
提前列出问题有助于充分利用就诊时间。对于糖尿病,一些要问的问题包括:
医生可能做些什么医生可能会问您一些问题,例如:
Aug. 09, 2022 |